Probability: concept of random experiment and a sample space, addition and multiplication laws of probability; conditional probability and independence. Bay's theorem and its application. Random variables and their probability distribution; Binomial, Poisson, Normal, Gamma, Exponential, Uniform and Cauchy distributions and their properties. Basic statistical concepts: Statistical data, measure of central tendency, dispersion, skwness and hurtosis. Regression and correlation simple linear regression, regression coefficient and correlation coefficient, nonlinear regression to data. Multiple linear regressions and multiple correlation coefficients.

Measurements and SI units; chemical equations and stoichiometry; structures of atoms and periodic relationships, chemical compounds: The gaseous state; solutions-electrolytes and non-electrolytes; acids and bases; thermochemistry; chemical equilibrium; ionic equilibrium I and II; organic chemistry.

Review of Arabic courses taken in high school, including construction of Arabic sentence, spelling and punctuation (Part one).

The main objective of this course (English I) is to encourage the leaners to acquire the English language skills they need to pursue their specialized courses in different Departments of the Faculty. In order to achieve this purpose, emphasis should be relied upon the formal grammar of the language, reading and writing activities in the classroom and listening comprehension and note-taking practice in the language laboratory. Undoubtedly, this can help the students to express themselves freely while dealing with technical terminology, vocabulary items and structures related to their subject areas. The overall program is a complimentary and prerequisite course for all Engineering Departments (Four hours per week). It covers the following:- Intensive Reading of different passages containing materials the students need to follow their departmental courses (vocabulary exercises, comprehension questions, contextual references, affixation, etc.). •Description of the laboratory experiments. Scientific vocabulary including the use of dictionary, punctuation, word-order, spelling, word- formation, etc. •The study of English verb tenses, active forms and passive constructions. The study of English nouns (kinds, functions, derivation) pronouns, adjectives, articles, adverbial phrases and so forth. •Summary writing.

Statics of particles; forces in plane and spree; statics of rigid bodies : Equivalent system of forces; equilibrium in two and three dimensions, work and energy, analysis of trusses, frames, and machines, free body diagram; kinematic; stability friction, centroids and center of gravity-lines, area and volumes. Moment of inertia of areas and masses.

· Familiarity with different sets of units, and easily operate with these units. · Ability to choose appropriate conversion factor for each of unit system to make dimensional consistency. · Define, connect and operate with physical properties of various material. · Ability to calculate each of mass fraction and mole fraction and easily convert from one to another. · Define the meaning of temperature, and knowing the difference between absolute and relative temperature and convert between temperature units. · Define the pressure types and ability to convert between them easily. · Understanding the ways used to measure pressure, and calculate the pressure form different type of manometer by using density and height of the column. · Ability to write and balance chemical reaction equation. · Define each of limiting and excess reactant, and ability to calculate the yield, selectivity, percent of conversion and degree of completion. · Knowing the difference between steady and unsteady state system, also between open and close system. · Familiarity with chemical process equipment, and ability to carry out a degree of freedom analysis for different processes. · Ability to draw a simple flow chart for a required chemical process. · Solving material balance problems for a system with or without a chemical reaction, for single or multiple processing units. · Knowing the difference between element material balance, extent of reaction and compound balance and being able to use them to solve material balance problems. · Understanding the meaning of stack gas, flue gas, orsat analysis, dry analysis, wet basis, theoretical air, excess air and use these concepts to solve combustion problem. · • فهم معنى غاز المداخن وغاز المداخن وتحليل أورسات والتحليل الجاف والأساس الرطب والهواء النظري والهواء الزائد واستخدام هذه المفاهيم لحل مشكلة الاحتراق. · • Understand the meaning of flue gas, flue gas, Ursat analysis, dry analysis, wet foundation, theoretical air and excess air and use these concepts to solve the combustion problem. · • فهم معنى غازات المداخن، غاز المداخن وتحليل orsat، تحليل الجاف، أساس رطب والهواء النظري، والهواء الزائد واستخدام هذه المفاهيم في حل مشكلة الاحتراق. · • Understand the meaning of flue gas, flue gas, orsat analysis, dry analysis, wet foundation, theoretical air, and excess air and use these concepts in solving the combustion problem. · · Knowing the meaning of recycle, purge, makeup, and bypass streams and ability to solve material balance problems that include them. · • معرفة معنى التدوير والتطهير والتركيب وتجاوز التدفقات والقدرة على حل مشاكل توازن المواد التي تشملها. · • Knowledge of the meaning of recycling, disinfection, synthesis, and bypass flows and the ability to solve problems of balance of the materials they include. · • معرفة معنى المهملات، تطهير، والتركيب، وتيارات الالتفافية والقدرة على حل المشاكل قياس المواد التي تدرجها. · • Knowing the meaning of trash, purging, synthesis, and bypass currents and the ability to solve measurement problems of the materials they include. · Ability to define an ideal gas, and use the perfect gas equation Ability to define vapor pressure, saturation, partial saturation (humidity) and use their equation

Program design using C, data types and operators. Control structures: If statement, If...else, While loops, Case statement. 1–D and 2-D Arrays, File I/O, Functions (Ready functions and User Defined Function), Engineering applications: Matrix Operations. Introduction to Object Oriented Programming (OOP). Introduction to Mat lab Commands: Handling requests, Performing basic calculations and displaying results. Use of Mat lab in Matrix Operations: Matrix addition, Subtraction.

Some experiments related to GS115 course.

Electrostatics: changes and fields, the electric potential; electric current; the magnetic field, electric fields in matter. Photoelectric effect, Einstein’s explanation and quantum theory of the hydrogen atom. Radioactive decay law derivation.

· Integration: definite and indefinite integrals, and their applications (area under a curve, area bounded by two curves, solids of revolution (disc method)). · Transcendental functions: exponential, logarithm functions, the hyperbolic functions, hyperbolic inverse functions, and their derivatives and integrations · Techniques of integration: (change of variables to find integrations, integration by parts, integration by substations, integration using partial fraction, reduction formulas). · The complex numbers: (definition, properties, conjugates, absolute values, polar forms, and determining roots). · Functions of several variables: (partial derivatives, implicit differentiation, chain rule and its applications, total differentiation and its applications, total differentiation of derivatives of second and higher order, maxima and minima, and Lagrange multiplier method).

Writing technical reports, Report preparation and presentation. Preparation of minutes of meetings. Translation of technical document.

Review of Arabic courses taken in high school, including construction of Arabic sentence, spelling and punctuation (Part two).Accustom the student to clear expressions of his ideas in pronunciation and writing and the good use of punctuation marks. Developing the student's literary taste so that he realizes the aesthetic aspects of speech styles, meanings and images. Identify the beauty of the Arabic language and literature, and that the student acquires the ability to study the branches of the Arabic language. Develop the student's spelling and writing ability and skill so that he can write correctly in all respects.

This program (English II) aims at developing the students' scientific and vocational skills. It is specially designed to introduce the learners to the basic patterns of technical terminology at the introductory stage and thereafter deals with more advanced topics. Thus the students can go further and become creative by way of discussion and various original contributions to the materials. It also offers an opportunity for the learners to evolve their communicative competence and comprehend their departmental contents with a restricted period of time. However, this course tends to give instructions to the learners in a variety of subjects such as:- Intensive Reading of passages (texts) including materials to students' needs with comprehension questions, contextual references, vocabulary exercises and affixation and so forth. The study of scientific and technical vocabulary which involves the use of dictionary, spelling, picking up the meaning form the context, rules of affixation, etc. Description of the laboratory experiments. Revision and study of basic English verb tenses, active and passive voice in scientific technical English. The English noun phrases, relative clauses, deletion of relative relation in active and passive voice. The study of English pronouns, adjectives, adverbial phrases, etc. Summary Writing.

Industrial safety; engineering materials and their mechanical and physical properties; classifications, ferrous and nonferrous metals, natural and synthetic materials; introduction to manufacturing processes: casting, welding, forging, rolling, extrusion; sheet metal working methods, metal machining.

Behaviour of real and ideal gases; the first law of thermodynamics and its applications; the second law of thermodynamics; the third law of thermodynamics; electromotive force; thermodynamics of electrochemical cells; chemical kinetics; reaction rates including zeroth, first, second and third order reactions. Introduction to stability.

Elastic and plastic behavior of metals, plastic deformation of metals; atomic structure of materials, crystal geometry of; electrical, magnetic and optical properties of materials; materials at high temperature; recovery, recrystallization, grain growth; fatigue of metals; corrosion of metals and alloys; oxidation of metals and alloys.

Some experiments related to GE129 course prepared by specified department.

Linear Algebra. · Definition of matrices, Types of matrices, and their properties. · Operations on matrices and their properties. · Elementary row operations and reduced row form (Echelon form) · Systems of linear equations and their solutions using reduced matrix and matrix inverses. · Determinants, their properties, and a determinant formula for matrix inverse. · System of linear equations and their solutions using Cramer’s rule and using elementary transformations. · Eigenvalues and eigenvectors and the Hamilton Cayley theorem. · Introduction to fields (Real, complex), vectors, linearly dependent and independent vectors, basis, and dimension. Dot product, cross product, and their applications. · Calculus of vectors; functions of vectors and their derivatives, gradient, divergence and curl. The vector differential operator del.

Introduction to dynamics. Kinematics of particles; Kinematics of rigid bodies. Three-dimensional motion of a particle relative to a rotating frame (Coriolis acceleration). D’Alembert’s principle. Kinetic energy of a rigid body in plane motion. Kinetics of rigid bodies in three dimensions; motion of a gyroscope. Introduction to mechanical vibrations.

Kerchief's laws & applications. Network theorems, applied electromagnetism & magnetic circuits, self and mutual inductance, rise & fall of current in an inductive circuit. Capacitance, charging and discharging of capacitors, stored energy in capacitors and inductors. Alternating voltages and currents, average & r.m.s. values. Phasors, complex notation, R-L-C circuit resonance, quality factor, power calculations . Principle of operation, equivalent circuit and efficiency of single-phase transformers.

Experiments about sound, light, electricity, magnetism, heat and electro-chemical conversion.

Concepts of thermodynamic with definitions and units; conservation and transfer of energy; volumetric properties of pure fluids. Equations of state and their applications; industrial applications of heat effects calculations; concepts of entropy and the second law of thermodynamics; thermodynamic properties of single and two-phase systems; Maxwell's relations; thermodynamic diagrams; generalized correlations; power cycles and their applications; refrigeration, and liquefactions thermodynamic analysis of flow processes.

Introduction to digital computers, computer hardware organization, memory, processing units, input and output units, FORTRAN language; introduction to FORTRAN; constants, variables, built- in functions, arithmetic expressions, executable and non-executable statements, arithmetic assignments statement. Numerical input/output read statement, write statement, format statement (I, F, E type of format). Elementary program organization, stop statement pause statement end statement, insertion of comments in FORTRAN program. The program. Preparing the program, the program package. FORTRAN deck, data deck. Control statement, GOT statement, arithmetic IF statement, logical IF statement DO statement, CONTINUE statement, nested DO loops, flow charts. Arrays, subscripted variables, DIMENSION statement, array INPUT/OUTPUT, implied DO loop character, input/output permissible FORTRAN characters, A- type format. Case studies.

Phase equilibrium ; phase rule; systems of one, two and three components; the Clapeyron equation and Clausius equation; Henry's and Raoult's law; fractional distillation; congruently and incongruently melting confound; chemical equilibrium; derivation of the general equi1ibrium expression; determination of equilibrium constant; Gibbs free energy of formation; effect of temperature on chemical equilibrium; surface thermodynamics; surface tension: Gibbs adsorption equation; adsorption by solid; Loungmir theory of adsorption chromatography.

Measurements of density; viscosity; phase-equilibria; kinetics of first order reaction (inversion of sucrose); refractive index; equilibrium constant (by means of electrical conductivity, Ka of succinic acid; molecular weight determination (Victor Mayer); thermodynamics of galvanic cells (Zinc-Copper electrodes).

Concepts and units of energy; heat capacity; calculation of enthalpy changes with and without change of phase; general energy balance and the mechanical energy balance; heat of reaction; simultaneous use of material and energy balances for the steady state; application, of material and energy balances on chemical plants; introduction to unsteady-state material and energy balances.

Ordinary differential equations · Basic definitions, first order and first degree differential equations (Separable Equations, Homogeneous and nearly homogeneous equations, Exact equations, Integrating factors, linear equations, Bernoulli equation, Riccati equation, brief discussion of existence and uniqueness of a solution, orthogonal trajectories). · Linear higher order differential equations: theoretical considerations, constant coefficient case, nonhomogeneous equation (variation of parameters method, undetermined coefficients method), and Euler’s differential equation. · Laplace transformations and its inverse, calculating Laplace transformation and its invers, using Laplace transformation on solving linear equations. · System of linear differential equations; solution of differential equations in series; gamma, beta function, Bessel function, modified Bessel function, Legendre polynomials; Spherical harmonics, hyper geometric functions.

Surface chemistry; adsorption on solid surface and adsorption at 1iquid surface; chemical kinetics, "First" and "Second" order reactions; boiling point of binary mixture; molecular weight determination by Rast's method; phase equilibrium; solvent extraction

Partial molar properties; pure component vapour phase; fugacities from PVT data; generalized correlations and equations of state; pure component condensed phase fugacities; vapour-liquid mixtures fugacity’s; ideal solutions; activity coefficients from excess Gibbs free energy; other excess properties, vapour-condensed phase equilibria for miscible and partially miscible systems; equilibrium of reacting systems; concepts of availability.

Fluid properties; fluid statics, velocity and shear; continuity, momentum and energy equations; Bernoulli Equation; laminar and turbulent flow regimes; frictional loss in pipes; transportation and metering of fluids; pumps and compressors; agitation of liquids; compressible flow; flow around submerged objects; fluidization

Introduction; nomenclature; preparation and reaction of aliphatic hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and alicyclic hydrocarbons); alkylhalides; alcohols and glycols; ethers; aldehydes and ketones; carboxylic acids and its derivatives (acid anhydrides, esters and amides).

Determination of melting and boiling points; separation by extraction; simple and steam distillation; technique of sublimation; purification by crystallization; qualitative analysis for the elements (Sodium fusion test).

Preparation of: Methane, Ethylene, Acetylene, n. Butylchlo- ride, Acetaldehyde, Acetone, Formic acid, Methylbenzoate, an- Dinitrbenzene, and Diazonium salts. Qualitative organic analysis: Qualitative analysis for elements, solubility, classification and class reactions.

Steady state heat conduction in one and two dimensions including extended surfaces; , illustration of methods of solutions for two dimensions problems; unsteady state conduction in solids; lumbed heat capacity approach; illustration of methods of solution for selected geometries and boundary conditions; dimensional analysis in relation to heat transfer; boundary layers; empirical correlation for heat transfer coefficient inside and across pipes; natural and forced convection; boiling condensation double pipe and shell and tube heat exchangers; heat transfer by radiation.

Non-linear curve fitting; numerical integration with equally and unequally spaced base points; numerical differentiation; solutions of systems of linear equations using Gaussian, Gauss- Jordon and Gauss Seidel methods, solutions of systems of non-linear equations using alternative methods; solutions of ordinary differential equations using single and multiple methods; solutions of parabolic, hyperbolic and elliptic partial differential equations.

Introduction; gravimetric analysis; precipitation and ,volatilization methods; volumetric analysis; standard solution; primary standards; molarity and normality with some applications; spectrophotometric; analysis visible-ultra violet; infrared; instrumentations; absorption laws with their applications; flame emission and atomic absorption methods; separation technique: Ion- exchange chromatography, Gas-liquid chromatography, HPLC and their applications; potentiometric analysis; PH-meter; oxidation reduction curves; ion selective electrode. Practical work involves applications 'on most of the topics mentioned above.

Introductior1-kinetics of homogeneous reactions (rate of reaction, concepts of kinetics, rate theories, analysis of rate equations); design fundamentals (mass and energy balances); homogeneous reactor design for isothermal conditions (ideal batch reactor, ideal plug flow reactors and ideal stirred tank reactors); temperature effects in homogeneous reactors (ideal batch, plug flow and stirred reactors.

Introduction to basic concepts; nomenclature; preparation and reaction of: aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene and its derivatives, naphthalene, anthracite and phenanthrene; phenols and quinines; amines and diazonium salts; heterocyclic compounds-molecular rearrangements-stereo chemistry; radicals and their reactions.

Introduction; forms of corrosion (uniform attack, pitting corrosion, intergranular corrosion, erosion corrosion, stress corrosion and hydrogen damage); thermodynamics aspects of corrosion (free energy, cell potential and EMF series, application of thermodynamics to corrosion); electrode kinetics (polarization, mixed potential theory, passivity and corrosion rate measurement); corrosion testing and monitoring; methods of corrosion protections (cathode protection, anodic protection, chemical inhibiters, coatings, and material selection).

This course provides a strong fundamental and practical (laboratory experimentation) concept of petrochemical industry stressing on raw materials, processes and technologies. The following topics are covered: PART I –POLYMERS Definitions, structure and MW distribution of polymers; polymer chemistry (polymerization reactions and polymerization techniques); processing of polymers (compounding and processing of plastics). PART II- PETROCHEMICALS AND DOWN STREAM INDUSTRY Olefins (production and downstream industry based on, ethylene, propylene, butenes and pentenes); Aromatics (production of BTX and downstream units based on benzene, toluene, and xylenes); Natural gas (production and downstream unit based on, ammonia, methanol and urea); Synthetic Gases, (production and utilization of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and C2H2); Salt and chloroal- kali; fertilizers; cement industries. PART III- LABORATORY Preparation; casting; testing and processing of some polymers (such as polystyrene, nylon 6.6, polyvinyl alcohol and polyamide).

Heterogeneous reactions; heterogeneous catalysis (general characteristics, adsorption on solid surfaces, physical properties of catalysts); kinetics of fluid, solid catalytic reactions (rates of adsorption, desorption and surface reactions, qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis); external transport processes in heterogeneous reactions (fixed and fluidized beds); internal transport processes (mass and heat transfer with reaction , effectiveness factor, effect of internal resistance on selectivity and poisoning); design of heterogeneous catalytic reactors; deviation from ideal-reactor performance (residence time distribution).

Introduction to mass transfer and its operation; principles of diffusion; Fick's law of molecular diffusion; diffusion in gases; liquids and solids; diffusion coefficient in gases and liquids; shell mass balance with and without chemical reactions; unsteady state diffusion; mass transfer coefficients; theories of mass transfer; determination of mass transfer coefficients; interphase mass transfer; the principles of equilibrium stage processes; mass transfer operations; binary distillation; flash and differential vaporizations; batch and continuous rectificatiorls; McCabe and Theile method; Panchan Savarite method; analytical methods; special cases of distillation.

The purpose of the lab is to cover the basic principles of fluid mechanics and heat transfer courses and comparing the experimental with theoretical data. Experiments in fluid mechanics are such as, study of compressible fluids through nozzles; incompressible fluid in pipes with different diameters; agitation and mixing of liquids; screen analysis and filtration. Experiments in heat transfer with and without change of phase through; free and forced convection; drop and film wise condensation; double pipe heat exchangers.

Brief coverage of Laplace transforms; modelling of simple chemical processes; linear open loop systems; linear closed loop systems; block diagrams; transient response of simple control systems; root locus; frequency response; Bode diagrams; stability of control systems; process applications; control of distillation columns; control of chemical reactors; introduction to non-linear systems.

Introduction to investment analysis, concept of rate of return and capital investment, minimum rate of return, introduction to equivalence and its application, application of compound interest formulas, time diagram and concept of cash flow, rate of return analysis, present worth cost, annual worth cost, future worth cost analysis, net present value, net annual value, net future value, break even analysis, benefit cost ratio, and present value ratio analysis for equal and unequal project lives. Difference between cost and net present values, mineral and petroleum project analysis, evaluation of mutually and non-mutually exclusive projects before tax and after tax analysis, depreciation, cost depletion and percentage depletion calculations, income tax, cash flow, and discount cash flow analysis, replacement analysis, leasing versus purchasing analysis. Re-investment analysis.

Mass transfer operations; multicomponent distillation; short cut and stage by stage methods; isotropic and extractive distillation; gas absorption; plate and packed towers; dilute and concen- treated systems; humidification’s; vapour-gas mixtures in water cooling towers; liquid-liquid extraction; single and continuous multistage operations; leaching; multi-stage leaching for variable and constant under flow operators; adsorption in gases and liquids including chemical reduction; drying, principles, batch and continuous drying; drying time and rates; crystallization; principles and theory of crystallization.

This course stresses the application of mathematics to problems drawn from chemical engineering fundamentals such as material and energy balances, transport phenomena and kinetics. Formulation and solution of ordinary and partial differential equations arising in chemical engineering or related processes or operations are discussed. Mathematical approaches are restricted to analytical solutions or techniques for producing problems amenable to analytical solutions. Objectives This is a core course for all graduate students in the Chemical Engineering department. The purpose of the course is to develop the mathematical and modeling skills that needed in research projects and graduate courses subsequent to this course. A student completing this course should be able to: Describe chemical engineering processes in mathematical form by employing the appropriate microscopic and macroscopic balances Identify if an analytical solution to the differential equations is possible Derive and interpret physically the solution to differential equations amenable to analytical solution

The following elective courses are given by the chemical engineering staff. The student should take any two of the following courses toward his B.Sc. degree. The courses could change depending on the availability of the staff members. Most of these courses are designed to be applied courses in the Libyan industries.

Refinery products; detailed discussion of specifications of refinery products. Methods and techniques for measurements (routine tests) and estimating the physical properties of various products. Evaluation of crude oils; detailed discussion of crude assay (TBP, ASTM and EFV) distillation techniques. Distillation and property (mid percent and yield) curves. Main Refinery operations; Desalting, atmospheric and vacuum distillations. Material balance on main units. Other important refinery units. Products blending. Estimation of properties of various blends

This course or lab covers the basic mass transfer operation experimentally, through various experiments such as, batch distillation; distillation processes in packed and tray columns; liquid-liquid extraction; drying of solid materials; radiation; and double effect evaporators.

Nature and occurrence of natural gas, dry natural gas. Associated gas. Importance of natural gas industries; physical and thermodynamic properties. Gas/oil separation facilities. Transportation, compression stations; dehydration, sweetening refrigeration cycles. Liquefaction process. LNG and LPG liquefaction plants. Storage facilities. Emphasis on the Libyan gas industries.

Factors to be studied for plant design; types of studies; cost estimation, simple methods, item by item method; depreciation and profitability analysis; optimization, analytical and graphical analysis; material of construction and selection review and analysis of various.; factors considered for fluid flow: heat transfer and mass transfer equipment’s; private and group design projects.

A project is required by the student under the supervision of a staff member within two semesters. The project includes literature review, process selection, material and energy balances, equipment design and economic analysis. However, in some cases, the project can be experimental in nature.